![]() By far the largest of these has been the Indian Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) or Safe Motherhood program, which began in 2005. In South Asia, large cash transfer programs (often one-off payments) initiated in Nepal, Bangladesh, and India in the first decade of this century focused mainly on improving access to maternal health services ( 3). Despite mixed findings on the effectiveness of these programs in Latin America, similar demand-side incentive programs have become increasingly popular in other low- and middle-income countries around the world in recent years ( 1). These programs provided cash incentives mainly to promote the uptake of preventive maternal/child health services and to improve school attendance among children ( 2). Conditional cash transfer programs initially emerged from Latin America in the late 1990s in response to the social and economic effects of the debt crises of the 1980s ( 1).
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